Basic stage of diesel spray evolution

      On a basic stage of evolution of a diesel spray each elementary portion of injected fuel moves in an axial core of a spray toward its top. Reaching the top this portion is superseded on periphery of a jet, is sharply braked till the complete loss of initial speed and fills in an environment of a spray. The part of an elementary portion of fuel dissipates in an environment of a spray on the way to forward front. At approach of a spray to a wall the fuel getting in forward front gradually passes to the zone of wall surface flow (WSF). The trajectory of a spray and, accordingly, time and place of its clash with a wall are determined in view of influence of swirl. The process of interaction of a fuel spray with a wall is rather complicated. During stacking of forward front of a spray on a wall, conical condensed gas-fuel layer is formed on it in borders of a stain. The layer formed by crossing of a cone of spray with the surface of the wall. After fast stacking of spray front on a wall fuel begins to distribute out of borders of initial stain. The high-speed axial flow of a spray flying up to a wall condenses the wall surface layer widens its borders. Part of the flow moves above this layer to its periphery. The form of a wall surface stain and velocity of its growth in various directions depend on the value of the clash angle of the jet with the wall. On a fig. 1 a typical film-gramme of the evolution of a spray in the combustion chamber is shown.

          Notations:
1. U is a velocity of penetration of spray tip and borders of WSF;
2. l is a distance between sprayer and spray tip and also between sprayer and borders of WSF;
3. parameters of side borders of WSF;
4. parameters of forward border of WSF;
5. parameters of back border of WSF; ;
6. parameters of free spray tip penetration.

     At approach of spray to an inclined wall, small deviation of  tip from the nuzzles axis is observed. The deviation occurs in the part of a blunt corner of a clash of a spray to a wall. It is caused by formation of a condensed air flow before  spray. The flow front meets with a wall and causes preliminary turn of spray tip. Having flow along the wall, the spray is distributed upwards and downwards along its surface. The flow directed upwards on a wall quickly gets in a clearance above the piston, and in constrained conditions is distributed both on the top of the piston, and on the surface of the head of the cylinder. The progress of fuel along a wall is slowed down in comparison with free evolution of a spray because of flow friction with a wall, and because of loss of the kinetic energy of a spray with drops reflected from a wall, etc. Moreover, the movement of  WSF is influenced by an air swirl in the combustion chamber. The wall surface flow is non-uniform in structure, density, temperature. It complicates calculation of fuel evaporation. Therefore, it is expedient in  WSF, as well as in a free spray, to allocate three characteristic zones with average parameters of heat- and mass-exchange (Fig.2).

Fig. 2. Character zones of diesel spray.

      The first zone is an axial conic nucleus on a wall (7). It is formed at stacking of the front of a spray on a wall. Further, the structure of this nucleus is continuously updated at the expense of new portions of fuel flying up to a wall. The second zone is a WSF of fuel extending out of borders of an initial stain (5). The third zone is a rare environment above the WSF (4), where a part of fuel braked in forward front of a wall surface flow (6) passes. At distribution of fuel on a wall extending in all directions the WSF (deformed by a swirl) can cross any characteristic border dividing the zones with various conditions of evaporation and burning of fuel. For example, flow can proceed from a lateral inclined surface of piston bowl to horizontal crown, or can be distributed further: on a surface of the cylinder liner, etc. Partial crossing of the wall surface flows formed by  adjacent sprays is also possible. In all these cases amount of fuel crossing the border is calculated by solution of the problem of crossing of characteristic zones. 

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